Native Americans Describe the 'Rez Accent'
2022-07-03
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1An accent is a way of saying the words in a language that happens among people of one area or region of a country, but not another.
2Many people who study languages, linguists, predicted in the 1960s that accents would disappear in America.
3As Americans moved across the country, they said English would become standardized, meaning that it would be spoken the same way everywhere.
4Schooling, mass media like television and radio, people moving to the United States from other places and increased car and airplane travel would all add to the standardization of English.
5But sociolinguist William Labov of the University of Pennsylvania says, while some accents in America are disappearing, others are growing stronger.
6One of these regional accents is Native American English, known as the "rez accent."
7It is spoken in many Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada.
8The word "rez" is shortened from the word "reservation."
9Reservations are areas of land in the United States and Canada that are kept separate for Native Americans or Indigenous people to live in.
10Kalina Newmark is from the Sahtu Region in Canada's Northwest Territories.
11Her ancestors were called the Dene people, but she does not speak her tribe's language of Slavey.
12"My mom can understand and speak it, but she didn't pass it on to us.
13She learned it from her great-grandmother.
14My grandmother chose not to pass along the language because she wanted to make it easier for her children when they went to school," Newmark said.
15Newmark went to Dartmouth College in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.
16The school is known for its Indigenous student population.
17There, she met other Indigenous students from all over North America.
18Newmark noticed something very interesting about everyone's pronunciation.
19The English they spoke shared some similar qualities, although they came from different language backgrounds.
20These especially could be heard during times of socializing.
21The accent was even present for students who had not learned their ancestral language.
22Newmark and another student, Nacole Walker, decided to examine the rez accent when they were given a project to study a non-English language.
23They realized that the rez accent had never been studied before.
24Walker is a Lakota person from the Standing Rock Reservation in the states of North and South Dakota.
25She said linguists have studied other forms of English, like African American English, and Chicano English, which is spoken by Mexican Americans.
26"We knew something unique was happening [with indigenous English] and wanted to narrow it down," Walker said.
27They recorded discussions and interviews with 75 people from different tribes and Nations all over North America.
28Their findings were published in Language in Society in September of 2016.
29The Dartmouth team found that Indigenous communities speak different English dialects, but these ways of speaking shared prosody patterns.
30Prosody describes the "music" of a language.
31It includes pitch, how high or low the sounds of the voice are; rhythm, the beat of stressed and unstressed syllables; and intonation, or the changes in pitch when speaking.
32James Stanford is a sociolinguist at Dartmouth.
33He guided the students in their study.
34He said that the most important quality is how the pitch and intonation rises and falls like a song.
35The feature was named after the character, "Thomas Builds-the-Fire," played by Evan Adams from the 1998 film Smoke Signals.
36The movie was the first to be made and performed by Indigenous people.
37The group identified another feature that appeared unique to Indigenous populations: the pitch rises at the end of their sentences.
38Stanford said that in Standard English, speakers usually end their sentences by dropping their pitch levels lower.
39Indigenous speakers end their sentences with a middle or higher pitch.
40The final important feature is the timing of the syllables, or the rhythm.
41Some language experts describe languages like French and Spanish as syllable-timed.
42"Each syllable takes up the same amount of time," Stanford said.
43English is not syllable-timed.
44It is stress-timed, meaning that only stressed syllables are said at regular places in speech.
45The unstressed syllables are shortened.
46The team noted that the rez accent of English is syllable-timed.
47Newmark thinks that the rez accent possibly came from different Native tribes interacting in the 1880s when Indigenous peoples were placed on reservations.
48The Native American and First Nations children were forced into schools and had to speak English.
49The rez accent also might have had its beginning in the 1950s and 1960s when the US government closed some reservations and sent Native American into cities.
50The children were forced to speak English and interact with each other.
51"They were all learning English together," said Newmark, "and making an English of their own."
52Twyla Baker is a citizen of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation.
53She is also president of an indigenous college on the Fort Berthold Reservation in the state of North Dakota.
54She said that the Rez accent is a form of adaptation.
55She said that before Native Americans came into contact with Europeans, the tribes connected with each other.
56They traveled, traded, and built political connections with other tribes.
57This led to many Indigenous people learning four or five languages.
58Baker knows that many people think that the rez accent is not correct English.
59They may even make fun of it.
60But she wants Indigenous people not to feel bad about who they are, where they come from and how they speak English.
61"I would love for our young people to feel that they are accepted not just in the spaces that they occupy in Indian Country, but when they step off the reservation," Baker added.
62I'm Bryan Lynn.
63And I'm Faith Pirlo.
1An accent is a way of saying the words in a language that happens among people of one area or region of a country, but not another. 2Many people who study languages, linguists, predicted in the 1960s that accents would disappear in America. As Americans moved across the country, they said English would become standardized, meaning that it would be spoken the same way everywhere. 3Schooling, mass media like television and radio, people moving to the United States from other places and increased car and airplane travel would all add to the standardization of English. 4But sociolinguist William Labov of the University of Pennsylvania says, while some accents in America are disappearing, others are growing stronger. 5One of these regional accents is Native American English, known as the "rez accent." It is spoken in many Indigenous communities in the United States and Canada. The word "rez" is shortened from the word "reservation." Reservations are areas of land in the United States and Canada that are kept separate for Native Americans or Indigenous people to live in. 6Kalina Newmark is from the Sahtu Region in Canada's Northwest Territories. Her ancestors were called the Dene people, but she does not speak her tribe's language of Slavey. 7"My mom can understand and speak it, but she didn't pass it on to us. She learned it from her great-grandmother. My grandmother chose not to pass along the language because she wanted to make it easier for her children when they went to school," Newmark said. 8Newmark went to Dartmouth College in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The school is known for its Indigenous student population. 9There, she met other Indigenous students from all over North America. Newmark noticed something very interesting about everyone's pronunciation. The English they spoke shared some similar qualities, although they came from different language backgrounds. 10These especially could be heard during times of socializing. The accent was even present for students who had not learned their ancestral language. 11Newmark and another student, Nacole Walker, decided to examine the rez accent when they were given a project to study a non-English language. They realized that the rez accent had never been studied before. 12Walker is a Lakota person from the Standing Rock Reservation in the states of North and South Dakota. She said linguists have studied other forms of English, like African American English, and Chicano English, which is spoken by Mexican Americans. 13"We knew something unique was happening [with indigenous English] and wanted to narrow it down," Walker said. 14They recorded discussions and interviews with 75 people from different tribes and Nations all over North America. Their findings were published in Language in Society in September of 2016. 15The Dartmouth team found that Indigenous communities speak different English dialects, but these ways of speaking shared prosody patterns. Prosody describes the "music" of a language. It includes pitch, how high or low the sounds of the voice are; rhythm, the beat of stressed and unstressed syllables; and intonation, or the changes in pitch when speaking. 16James Stanford is a sociolinguist at Dartmouth. He guided the students in their study. He said that the most important quality is how the pitch and intonation rises and falls like a song. The feature was named after the character, "Thomas Builds-the-Fire," played by Evan Adams from the 1998 film Smoke Signals. The movie was the first to be made and performed by Indigenous people. 17The group identified another feature that appeared unique to Indigenous populations: the pitch rises at the end of their sentences. Stanford said that in Standard English, speakers usually end their sentences by dropping their pitch levels lower. Indigenous speakers end their sentences with a middle or higher pitch. 18The final important feature is the timing of the syllables, or the rhythm. Some language experts describe languages like French and Spanish as syllable-timed. "Each syllable takes up the same amount of time," Stanford said. 19English is not syllable-timed. It is stress-timed, meaning that only stressed syllables are said at regular places in speech. The unstressed syllables are shortened. The team noted that the rez accent of English is syllable-timed. 20Where did the "Rez" accent come from? 21Newmark thinks that the rez accent possibly came from different Native tribes interacting in the 1880s when Indigenous peoples were placed on reservations. The Native American and First Nations children were forced into schools and had to speak English. 22The rez accent also might have had its beginning in the 1950s and 1960s when the US government closed some reservations and sent Native American into cities. The children were forced to speak English and interact with each other. "They were all learning English together," said Newmark, "and making an English of their own." 23Twyla Baker is a citizen of the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation. She is also president of an indigenous college on the Fort Berthold Reservation in the state of North Dakota. She said that the Rez accent is a form of adaptation. She said that before Native Americans came into contact with Europeans, the tribes connected with each other. They traveled, traded, and built political connections with other tribes. This led to many Indigenous people learning four or five languages. 24Baker knows that many people think that the rez accent is not correct English. They may even make fun of it. But she wants Indigenous people not to feel bad about who they are, where they come from and how they speak English. 25"I would love for our young people to feel that they are accepted not just in the spaces that they occupy in Indian Country, but when they step off the reservation," Baker added. 26I'm Bryan Lynn. 27And I'm Faith Pirlo. 28Cecily Hilleary wrote this article for VOA. Faith Pirlo adapted it for Learning English. 29_______________________________________________________________________ 30Words in This Story 31indigenous - adj. produced, living or existing in a certain place or environment 32pronunciation - n. the way in which a word is normally or correctly said 33unique -adj. unlike anything else 34interview -n. a meeting in which people talk to each other to get information 35dialect - n. a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations 36pattern - n. a regular and repeated way in which something happens 37syllable - n. a part a word is naturally divided into when pronounced 38character - n. a person who appears in a story, book, play, movie, or television show 39feature - n. usual quality or important part of something 40standard - n. a level of quality, achievement, etc., that is considered acceptable or desirable 41adaptation - n. the state of adapting or changing 42What do you think of the rez accent? 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